Roman Numeral Converter
Convert between Roman numerals and Arabic numbers instantly.
Result
Roman Numeral Reference
How It Works
Enter an Arabic number (1–3,999) to get the Roman numeral equivalent, or enter Roman numerals to get the Arabic number. Validation included.
**Roman Numeral Converter — Ancient Numbers Made Modern**
Roman numerals — the number system of ancient Rome — are still widely used today in clocks, movie titles, sporting events (Super Bowl LVIII), copyright years, monarchs (King Charles III), and book chapter numbering. Our Roman Numeral Converter translates instantly in both directions.
**Roman Numeral Symbols**
| Symbol | Value |
|---|---|
| I | 1 |
| V | 5 |
| X | 10 |
| L | 50 |
| C | 100 |
| D | 500 |
| M | 1,000 |
**Subtractive Notation Rules**
Roman numerals use subtractive notation to avoid four consecutive symbols:
- IV = 4 (I before V, subtract 1 from 5)
- IX = 9 (I before X)
- XL = 40, XC = 90
- CD = 400, CM = 900
Valid subtractive pairs:
- I before V or X
- X before L or C
- C before D or M
**Conversion Examples**
| Arabic | Roman |
|---|---|
| 2024 | MMXXIV |
| 1999 | MCMXCIX |
| 2025 | MMXXV |
| 500 | D |
| 49 | XLIX |
| 1776 | MDCCLXXVI |
**Where Roman Numerals Are Used Today**
*Clocks* — Most clockfaces use Roman numerals (using IIII instead of IV for balance).
*Films* — Movie sequels (Rocky IV, Star Wars Episode VI) and Super Bowl numbers.
*Copyright* — "© MMXXIV" in film and TV credits.
*Royalty and Popes* — Elizabeth II, Pope Francis I.
*Outlines* — I, II, III for main headings; A, B, C for sub-headings in formal outlines.
*Architecture* — Cornerstone dates on buildings.
**Range**
Standard Roman numerals represent 1–3,999 (I to MMMCMXCIX). Numbers above 3,999 traditionally used an overline to multiply by 1,000, which this converter optionally supports.